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Is it permissible if sometimes a bit of hair shows during prayer from underneath the headscarf of a woman?
Women must cover their hair entirely during prayer; the prayer is valid if she noticed after the prayer that a bit of hair was not covered during the prayer.
If a woman covers her face and hands as a form of modesty, does she need to uncover these for prayer? If her forehead is left uncovered, so that it may touch a Turbah, can the rest of her face remain covered?
Yes, this is fine.
Are men allowed to wear shorts that go slightly above the knee? Is this the same for the prayers too?
During the prayer, it is obligatory for men to cover their private parts, which are the male reproductive organs and the anus. It is not obligatory to cover the rest of the body. The same is obligatory for men for outside the prayers.
Is it permissible to offer prayers without a shirt?
Yes, it is permissible.
Is it obligatory to cover our head when offering prayer?
It is not obligatory for men to cover their heads during prayer.
If my clothing is open or torn from underneath, such that the private parts are visible only from directly underneath, is prayer in such clothes valid?
The prayer is not invalidated by this, unless one is praying on the roof or the like, such that the private parts are considered exposed.
Are my prayers valid if I wear a half-sleeves T-shirt, but cover the rest of my arms with a shroud or chaddar? What if the chaddar slides and the arms are visible?
If you noticed during the prayer that the arm is visible, then based on compulsory precaution one should repeat the prayer. You can nullify the first prayer by doing what makes it invalid, like turning the body fully away from the direction of Qiblah, and then starting the new prayer.
Is my prayer valid if the perfume that includes alcohol just touches my clothes?
Alcohol is Najis if it causes intoxication and the prayers is void when the clothes become Najis with alcohol or any other kind of Najasah. Yes, if the person does not know that alcohol is Najis, then the prayer is valid.
Is it permissible to keep a Najis cloth, which has become Najis due to blood, urine, or semen, etc., in a pocket while offering prayers?
Yes, it is permissible to do so.
Is it possible to pray if there a najis cellphone or handkerchief in the pocket of one's clothing?
Yes, it is permissible and the prayer is valid in the said case.
If someone prays with some sweat on his body and clothes during prayer, is there any objection to that?
No, it is permissible.
Can I pray with my leather belt?
If the animal is slaughtered in a non-Muslim country then its leather is Najis unless the slaughterer was a Muslim in that country. Praying while wearing Najis things invalidates the prayer.
Is it permissible to wear leather jackets during prayers?
If the leather was from an animal that was not slaughtered in accordance with the Sharia, then wearing it during the prayer invalidates it.
Is it permissible for Muslims to wear hats or clothing made out of the fur of haram animals such as foxes?
Prayers when wearing such clothes are invalid.
Is it permissible to keep a leather wallet in a pocket while offering prayers?
Based on an obligatory precaution one should not carry a leather of any animal that was not slaughtered in accordance with the Sharia during the prayers.
I have a belt that is made from natural leather. I have already prayed a few times while wearing it; do I need to repeat those prayers?
If you offered your prayers with the leather belt out of ignorance then your prayers are valid. If you prayed out of forgetfulness of the law then they are invalid based on compulsory precaution.
If someone has cat's hair on his clothes can he offer the prayers with those clothes?
The prayer is invalid if there was cat's hair on the person's clothes based on compulsory precaution.
What is the ruling regarding cat's hair? Is it tahir so long as I do not know it to be najis? And can I pray while I have cat hair on my clothes or body?
Yes, the hair of a cat is regarded as Tahir unless it is known to have become Najis. But the prayer is invalid based on an obligatory precaution if the individual has on his body or clothes any part of an animal whose meat is impermissible to eat - like a cat - even if it is hair or fur.
Can a girl still pray while she has colored nail polish on fingers and/or toes?
Having nail polish is permissible during the prayer if it was applied after wudhu or ghusl. It prevents water from reaching the nail so it invalidates wudhu or ghusl if it was applied before performing any one of them. It can be applied on some of the toes that are not wiped during wudhu.
If time is short and I know my clothing is najis, should I make the dress tahir and then make the prayer up afterwards or should I just ensure that I perform the prayers first so as to not make it qadha and then wash my clothes?
If the only clothing available is najis, offering the prayer in such clothing is valid in cases of cold weather or similar necessities. If it can be taken off, the prayer should be offered twice, once with it and once while naked, based on compulsory precaution.
The mentioned necessity rarely occurs in our time since making use of a covering material during prayer is easily done. If not usual clothing, it can be anything like sheets, blankets or similar things as long as the private parts (as defined by the Sharia) are covered for the males and all parts of the body that must be covered for females are covered.