Day Questions

Is temporary contract valid by agreeing on the time period and dower only, without reciting the formula?

The temporary marriage is not valid if the actual contract was not pronounced.

I am currently unemployed and looking for work. Is khums obligatory on me to pay? Who do I pay it to?

Khums is obligatory once a year. It is on what exceeds the expenses during the year. One should refer to an agent of the marji', and determine a fixed yearly time to pay khums after calculating it.

When any Muslim dies we say "Inna Lillahi wa Inna Ilaihi Raji'oon"; can we say the same when a non-Muslim dies?

The mentioned wording is an indication of the fact that we are human beings owned by Almighty Allah and that His power manages us and we are under His ruling. There is nothing wrong in saying the mentioned words when hearing of the death of a Muslim or a non-Muslim since God's power is all-encompassing.