Day Questions

Is a son required to offer the lapsed prayers and fasts of his deceased mother if the parents deliberately abandoned the praying and fasting without any good reason, is the son still obligated to make them up on their behalf?

It is not obligatory for the children to make up the prayers and the fasts that their mother missed, although it is strongly recommended to do so. If the father did not care about making up the prayers and the fasts that he missed, then it is not obligatory on his sons to make them up after his death.

I have been working and I was not able to make any savings from my earning, except that in the month of Dhil-Qa’dah I saved some money and I anticipate saving some money the following months too. Will I pay my religious dues for the Islamic year (Muharram-Dhil-Hijjah) even if I only just started to save some money, or will I pay them when a year passes from obtaining the savings (i.e. next Dhil-Qa’dah)?

If the beginning of Muharram is the first day of your khums fiscal year then khums is payable at the end of Dhil-Hijjah, even if you started saving in Dhil-Qa’dah and did not save anything before that. The khums fiscal year begins when one gains any money in his life, even when he was a child. If you know that day then this is when you pay khums on any profit that remains unspent, even if you received the money days before this date. If you do not know that day exactly, then you should refer to the religious authority, i.e. the marja that you follow or his agents, to determine a day to be the start of your khums fiscal year.

Do the needy people that one should pay the Kaffara to have to be Muslim or even Shia Muslim? Can they be non-Muslims?

It is obligatory in the validity of the Kaffara to pay it to needy Shia believers.